Doctor TB-500

VOL. I / NO. 06 / CITATIONS

TB-500 References and Citations

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to a numbered citation below. Twenty-one primary sources and reviews — PubMed links and DOIs included.

Primary Sources

The full citation list for all TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 research summarized on this site. Citations are numbered as they appear in body text throughout the site.

All citations verified against PubMed, PMC, or journal DOI at time of publication. See the TB-500 references and citations page for the indexed list.

  1. Philp D, Badamchian M, Scheremeta B, Nguyen M, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice. Wound Repair Regen. 2003;11(1):19-24. ↗
  2. Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, Banaudha K, Maheshwari RK, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  3. Xu B, Yang M, Li Z, Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Guan S, Jiang D. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat. Regul Pept. 2013;184:1-5. ↗
  4. Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:171-177. ↗
  5. Wang F, He Y, Yao N, Ruan L, Tian Z. Thymosin β4 Protects against Cardiac Damage and Subsequent Cardiac Fibrosis in Mice with Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Ther. 2022;2022:1308651. ↗
  6. Philp D, Nguyen M, Scheremeta B, St-Surin S, Villa AM, Orgel A, Kleinman HK, Elkin M. Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells. FASEB J. 2004;18(2):385-387. ↗
  7. Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. ↗
  8. Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang ZG, Morris DC, Chopp M. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment following experimental traumatic brain injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1270:51-58. ↗
  9. Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  10. Wang X, Liu L, Qi L, et al. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(17):8439-8447. ↗
  11. Sosne G, Dunn SP, Kim C. Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial. Cornea. 2015;34(5):491-496. ↗
  12. Ho EN, Kwok WH, Lau MY, Wong AS, Wan TS, Lam KK, Schiff PJ, Stewart BD. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1265:57-69. ↗
  13. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  14. Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Mou Q, Ren T, Zhu L. Mechanism of thymosin β4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023;37(8):e23338. ↗
  15. Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T. Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. J Biochem. 2011;149(1):43-48. ↗
  16. Spurney CF, Cha HJ, Sali A, et al. Evaluation of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function after Chronic Administration of Thymosin β-4 in the Dystrophin Deficient Mouse. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8976. ↗
  17. Smart N, Rossdeutsch A, Riley PR. Thymosin beta4 and angiogenesis: modes of action and therapeutic potential. Angiogenesis. 2007;10(4):229-241. ↗
  18. Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Advances in the basic and clinical applications of thymosin β4. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(sup1):137-145. ↗
  19. Song Z, Han A, Hu B. Thymosin β4 promotes zebrafish Mauthner axon regeneration by facilitating actin polymerization through binding to G-actin. BMC Biol. 2024;22(1):239. ↗
  20. Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT, Queener H, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66(14):31. ↗
  21. Zhu Z, Liao Y, Mou Q, Liu H, Shen Y, Zhu L, Cong S. Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization. J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:5641-5655. ↗
  22. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026;56(7):1583-1600. ↗
  23. Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(22):1674-1680. ↗
  24. Wang WS, Chen PM, Hsiao HL, Wang HS, Liang WY, Su Y. Thymosin beta 4 is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and stimulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion and JNK activation. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008;7(3):454-460. ↗
  25. Thomas A, Coppens P, Thevis M. TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a better understanding of doping-relevant peptide preparations. Drug Test Anal. 2023;15(7):746-754. ↗