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Doctor TB-500

VOL. I / NO. 06 / ORIGINAL STUDIES

Where Do TB-500 References and Citations Lead?

Scientists published repair findings in the papers listed below. Twenty-one sources and reviews describe the tests and results. You can find each paper by its number or author's name.

What Does a Number Beside a Finding Mean?

Scientists studying TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 wanted to understand damaged tissue repair. The TB-500 papers below describe who was tested and what changed. Numbers beside findings lead to papers in the study list. Some papers tested animals; others tested the whole protein in people.

A paper's title helps you check which treatment the researchers studied.

  1. Philp D, Badamchian M, Scheremeta B, Nguyen M, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice. Wound Repair Regen. 2003;11(1):19-24. ↗
  2. Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, Banaudha K, Maheshwari RK, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  3. Xu B, Yang M, Li Z, Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Guan S, Jiang D. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat. Regul Pept. 2013;184:1-5. ↗
  4. Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:171-177. ↗
  5. Wang F, He Y, Yao N, Ruan L, Tian Z. Thymosin β4 Protects against Cardiac Damage and Subsequent Cardiac Fibrosis in Mice with Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Ther. 2022;2022:1308651. ↗
  6. Philp D, Nguyen M, Scheremeta B, St-Surin S, Villa AM, Orgel A, Kleinman HK, Elkin M. Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells. FASEB J. 2004;18(2):385-387. ↗
  7. Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(2):113-115. ↗
  8. Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang ZG, Morris DC, Chopp M. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment following experimental traumatic brain injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1270:51-58. ↗
  9. Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  10. Wang X, Liu L, Qi L, et al. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(17):8439-8447. ↗
  11. Sosne G, Dunn SP, Kim C. Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial. Cornea. 2015;34(5):491-496. ↗
  12. Ho EN, Kwok WH, Lau MY, Wong AS, Wan TS, Lam KK, Schiff PJ, Stewart BD. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1265:57-69. ↗
  13. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  14. Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Mou Q, Ren T, Zhu L. Mechanism of thymosin β4 in ameliorating liver fibrosis via the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023;37(8):e23338. ↗
  15. Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T. Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. J Biochem. 2011;149(1):43-48. ↗
  16. Spurney CF, Cha HJ, Sali A, et al. Evaluation of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function after Chronic Administration of Thymosin β-4 in the Dystrophin Deficient Mouse. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8976. ↗
  17. Smart N, Rossdeutsch A, Riley PR. Thymosin beta4 and angiogenesis: modes of action and therapeutic potential. Angiogenesis. 2007;10(4):229-241. ↗
  18. Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Advances in the basic and clinical applications of thymosin β4. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(sup1):137-145. ↗
  19. Song Z, Han A, Hu B. Thymosin β4 promotes zebrafish Mauthner axon regeneration by facilitating actin polymerization through binding to G-actin. BMC Biol. 2024;22(1):239. ↗
  20. Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT, Queener H, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66(14):31. ↗
  21. Zhu Z, Liao Y, Mou Q, Liu H, Shen Y, Zhu L, Cong S. Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization. J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:5641-5655. ↗
  22. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026;56(7):1583-1600. ↗
  23. Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(22):1674-1680. ↗
  24. Zhang Y, et al. Thymosin beta 4 is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and stimulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion and JNK activation. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008;7(3):419-423. ↗
  25. Delcourt V, et al. TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a better understanding of misbranded and adulterated drugs. Drug Test Anal. 2023;15(4):458-464. ↗